Old U.S. Road played a key role in Jackson County's history

A section of the Old U.S. Road west of Greenwood, Florida.

By Dale Cox

The "Old U.S. Road" leads from north to south through Jackson County, Florida. It has been a prominent feature on the local landscape since 1836 and parts of it are still in daily use.

Florida was still a wilderness when President Andrew Jackson signed an Act of Congress into law establishing the road on July 2, 1836. The Second Seminole War (1835-1842) and the Creek War of 1836-1837 raged across the Deep South.

Jackson believed that federal money should be spent only on infrastructure projects that benefited the people of more than one state or territory. The proposed new road did that. It began at Daleville, Alabama (west of present-day Dothan), and ran south across the border to Marianna on the Chipola River. From Marianna, the road continued south to St. Joseph (Port St. Joe) on St. Joseph Bay and then east to its southern end at Apalachicola.

Two Alabama and four Florida counties can be found along the original route today.

The primary purpose for federal involvement in building the road was to provide a reliable and safe route for delivery of mail to the growing Florida cities of Marianna, St. Joseph and Apalachicola. Bid for delivery were let by the postal service in 1836 and the contractor was required to have mail deliveries up and running by February 1, 1837.

Provisions outlined by the U.S. Postal Service required that mail be carried between Marianna and Daleville, a distance of around 60-miles, once each week. This was done by means of stage coaches that also provided transportation for any passengers so inclined.

A second line of stages connected Marianna with St. Joseph and Apalachicola on the Gulf of Mexico. Deliveries along this section of the road were required twice weekly, despite the longer distance of more than 90-miles.

Much of the road was likely built over existing trails, as it was completed with remarkable speed. By the time President Jackson signed a second appropriation of $20,313 for the project on March 3, 1837, much of the route was done.

The Creek and Seminole Wars, however, slowed things down a bit. A new outbreak of fighting spread south through Alabama into Northwest Florida in the early months of 1837. Battles took place in modern Russell, Barbour, Pike, Dale, and Geneva Counties in Alabama, as well as across the line in almost all the counties of Northwest Florida. Work on roads and bridges was delayed as able-bodied men took the field as volunteers and militia.

Outbreaks of fighting continued in today's Jackson, Calhoun, Gulf, and Franklin Counties until 1844, but lessened in severity and work resumed on the new road in the summer and fall of 1837. The mail deliveries between Marianna and St. Joseph finally picked up speed in November of that year, nine months behind schedule. Construction crews, however, did not complete the total project until 1838.

The road became the primary north-south artery connecting three of the most important cities in Florida. Apalachicola, of course, emerged as a major commercial center at the mouth of the Apalachicola River and eventually became the third busiest port on the Gulf Coast behind New Orleans and Mobile. St. Joseph exploded almost overnight to become the largest city in Florida. Marianna, in turn, became the small but politically-powerful seat of the third most populated county in Florida.

Yellow Fever outbreaks, hurricanes, and war between North and South changed this dynamic over the decades to come, but for several years after its completion the U.S. Road was one of the most important transportation arteries in Florida.

Sections of the original route remain in use today. North of Marianna, a long segment of modern paved road that more or less follows the 1837 right of way extends from Grangeburg (Grangerburg) in Houston County, Alabama, across the border into Florida and west of the modern communities of Malone and Greenwood. It dead-ends at Caverns Road just around the curve from Florida Caverns State Park.

The original road continued straight across but Jackson County rerouted it in the late 19th century. By turning east on Caverns Road then south on Old U.S. Road, you can reconnect with the original route where it picks up again just south of the intersection of Meadowview and Old U.S. Roads.

The original then continued to a wooden bridge that carried travelers across the Chipola River into Marianna. It was located at the foot of Jackson Street. Brick and stone piers visible there are often mistaken for ruins of this original bridge, but they date from later times.

South of Marianna, the original road followed today's FL-73 to its intersection with FL-71. The latter highway approximates the route south to St. Joseph from where the road turned east to Apalachicola.

You can learn more about the early roads and trails of Jackson County in Dale Cox's book 
The History Of Jackson County, Florida: The Early Years.
 
To follow the original route of the Old U.S. Road from Grangeburg to Marianna, please use the map below:

Ghost of Jericho Pond: Old U.S. Road legend a memory of Reconstruction

The Old U.S. Road where it passes over Jericho Pond
north of Marianna in Jackson County, Florida.

Jericho Pond is more swamp than pond. Crossed by the Old U.S. Road north of Marianna, the pond is thick with trees, snakes and mosquitoes.

It is also the center of a bizarre ghost story that has its roots in the turbulent days of the Reconstruction era.

I was reminded of the story a few years ago by a retired Jackson County resident who said that it was one of three ghost tales that he vividly remembered from his childhood. The other two were the Ghost of Bellamy Bridge and the haunting of Holyneck Road.

The legend holds that Jericho Pond is haunted by the ghost of a freedman (i.e. freed slave) who was murdered there during the years following the War Between the States (or Civil War).

Jericho Pond

The section of the Old U.S. Road that crosses the pond was once narrow and closed in by closed in by cypress and other swamp trees. It was dark even during the day but at night the darkness became almost impenetrable.

Travelers would avoid following that section of the road at night, especially in the days before automobiles, because of the ghost. Residents of the area claimed that the spirit would waylay wagons or buggies at Jericho Pond, unhitch the horses or mules pulling them and then try to make its escape by riding them away. Drivers would be left stuck in the swamp with their vehicles.

The road passed by an old church not far away, however, and the ghost could not set foot on holy ground. People who walked out of the swamp after having their horses or mules taken would find them grazing peacefully in the moonlight of the churchyard, left there by the ghost as it returned to pond.

Each escape attempt ended in the same way with the ghost left trapped in its perpetual haunt.

The tale of the Ghost of Jericho Pond began to fade with the arrival of automobiles and the eventual widening and paving of the road. I remember from my own childhood, however, stories of a ghost that would try to stop cars on Old U.S. Road.

The dark swamp of Jericho Pond.

The story grew from a true event that happened in 1867. The war had ended two years before and Jackson County was occupied by U.S. troops and under the control of agents of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. Generally called the Freedmen's Bureau, this federal agency had been established to ease the transition of the South from a time when most African-Americans were slaves to a new era in which both white and black men were free and could vote.

The new reality did not extend the right to vote to women and Native Americans and more decades would need to pass before they too gained suffrage.

Florida in 1867 was a place of simmering emotions. Rumblings in the U.S. Congress made it clear that Abraham Lincoln's dream of a peace "with malice toward none, with charity for all" was not the goal of many political leaders. Calls for the punishment of the South were rising in Washington, D.C., as politicians - many of whom had stayed as far away from battle as possible - demanded that Constitutional protections be suspended in the former Confederate states.

Another view of Jericho Pond, where Gilbert Walker was
killed by Hugh Parker in 1867. Walker's ghost supposedly
haunts the swampy pond.

The tidal wave of blood that had engulfed North and South alike during the dreadful war were not enough for the demagogues of that day.

In this time of growing tension, an incident took place at Jericho Pond that characterized life in 1867.

Two wagons approached the pond from opposite directions on the Old U.S. Road. One was driven by Gilbert Walker, a freedman, and the other by a white farmer named Bell. The passage of the road through the swamp was narrow and it was impossible for two wagons to pass by each other.

Each man pulled his wagon as far to the side as possible but there was still not enough room for them to pass. Seeing this, Walker got down from his wagon and pulled back the limbs that extended from roadside bushes to help Bell get past. It was at this point that a third man, named Hugh Parker, arrived on the scene.

Parker lived in Texas and was making his way home through the Deep South. He ran up to Walker and demanded to know why he had not gotten his wagon out of the road so the other man could pass. The freedman explained hat he had done so as well as he could and was holding back the brush so that Bell could get by.

This did not placate Parker, who warned that he would kill Walker if he ever again failed to give way for a white man to pass. Before either Walker or Bell could attempt to explain further, Parker suddenly pulled a pistol and said, "I might as well do it now."

T. Thomas Fortune, who recalled the search
for Walker's killer, was born into slavery in
Jackson County but later became a prominent
writer and newspaper publisher.

He then shot Walker in the chest and left him for dead on the ground. Bell tried to help the unfortunate man but there was nothing that he could do. Gilbert Walker died within fifteen minutes. Bell summoned authorities and attempts were made to locate Parker but he escaped detection and - it was believed - made his way on home to Texas.

The murder shocked Jackson County and alarmed black and white residents alike. T. Thomas Fortune, a prominent African-American newspaper publisher of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in 1867 was the young son of Jackson County freedman Emanuel Fortune. He published his memories of the search for Parker more than 60 years later:

...The news of the tragedy swept through the county like a prairie fire. Negro men and women from every direction swarmed into the village [i.e. Marianna], fighting mad and determined to be avenged. The village and nearby swamps and forest were thorough searched for the bloody miscreant, all of the afternoon and night, but he eluded capture. It was good for him that he did, as the Negroes were outraged and thoroughly aroused and would have torn him limb from limb if they captured him. - (Philadelphia Tribune, July 28, 1927).

The passage of so much time caused Fortune to mistake the murderer, Hugh Parker, for Sgt. Thomas Barnes, but the alarm caused by the killing was every bit as vivid as he described.

Parker was never apprehended for his role in the crime, which may be why Walker's ghost became associated with Jericho Pond. Perhaps he continues each night an attempt to escape the injustice that befell him there 150 years ago.

Dale Cox
May 12, 2017

Florida's "Lost City"

The legend of St. Joseph, Florida's "Lost City," is well-known in Northwest Florida.

Closely connected with Marianna and Jackson County, the city was founded in 1835 on the present site of Port St. Joe and within three years was home to 12,000 residents. It was virtually wiped out by a yellow fever epidemic in 1841 followed by a hurricane in 1844. In a matter of just a few years, St. Joseph disappeared from the map.

Yet its legacy lives on. St. Joseph was the site of the 1838-1839 Constitutional Convention that drafted Florida's first constitution. Among the delegates attending was Dr. Samuel C. Bellamy, of Marianna. The death of his wife, Elizabeth, is the story behind today's legend of the "Ghost of Bellamy Bridge."

In addition, the highway that Jackson County residents know today as the "Old U.S. Road" was originally constructed by the U.S. government to link the Alabama line with St. Joseph (by way of Marianna).

I've added a new section on old St. Joseph and other historic sites around Port St. Joe to my website at: www.exploresouthernhistory.com. Just follow the link and you will see the heading.